Stay Informed as the Alarming Season of Typhoid Approaches

Typhoid is a serious infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, typically spread through contaminated water and food. Globally, approximately 9 million people are affected by Typhoid each year, with a mortality rate of around 110,000. In India alone, around 4.5 million cases of Typhoid are reported annually. Typhoid is more prevalent in slum areas due to inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene practices, and contaminated water.

Who is at Risk of Getting Typhoid?

• Travelers: People who travel to areas where Typhoid is widespread.

• Close Contacts: Family members and others in close contact with infected individuals.

• Children: Due to their developing immune systems, children are more susceptible.

• Residents of Slum Areas: Poor living conditions increase the risk.

• Immunocompromised Individuals: Those with weakened immune systems are at higher risk.

Symptoms of Typhoid

• High-Grade Fever: Persistent fever that can reach up to 104°F is a hallmark of Typhoid.

• Headache: Persistent headaches are common.

• Abdominal Pain: Inflammation and irritation in the digestive tract can cause abdominal pain.

• Loss of Appetite: Common among patients with Typhoid.

• Weakness and Fatigue: The body’s fight against the infection can cause significant fatigue.

• Rose Spots: Rash with flat, rose-colored spots on the chest and abdomen.

• Nausea and Vomiting: Some patients may experience nausea and vomiting.

Diagnosis of Typhoid

• Blood Culture: The most reliable method for diagnosing Typhoid, involving the identification of Salmonella typhi bacteria. Multiple blood cultures in the first week increase detection chances.

• Widal Test: A cost-effective screening test, though it has limitations such as false positives.

  
  

  

  Image showing agglutination during widal test.

  
  

• Immunochromatographic Assay: Identifies antibodies like IgM and IgG, considered more sensitive than the Widal test.

• Stool and Urine Cultures: Used when blood cultures are negative.

• Molecular Tests: Techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are highly sensitive and specific.

• Bone Marrow Aspiration: An invasive but highly sensitive test, reserved for cases of unknown fever origin.

Management and Treatment

• Antibiotics: Prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics is crucial.

• NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs help manage symptoms.

• Hydration and Supportive Measures: Essential for recovery.

Complications

If not treated promptly, Typhoid can lead to severe complications such as intestinal perforation, hepatitis, meningitis, and encephalopathy.

Vaccination

• Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV): Uses the Vi polysaccharide protein of the Typhoid bacteria, given in a single injectable dose. It provides long-lasting protection for up to 4 years and can be administered to individuals aged 6 months to 65 years.

• Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine: Also a single-dose injectable vaccine, suitable for individuals above 2 years of age, providing coverage for 2-3 years.

Conclusion

Typhoid remains a significant health concern, particularly in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene. By understanding the risks, recognizing the symptoms, and seeking prompt medical attention, you can effectively manage and prevent Typhoid. Vaccination is a powerful tool in combating this disease, offering long-term protection. Stay informed, practice good hygiene, and take preventive measures to protect yourself and your community from Typhoid, especially during its peak season.